Author Archives: Swany
Chickanee Indians
Palliser Map 1863
Palliser Map 1863

General map of the routes in British North America explored by the expedition under Captain Palliser during the years 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860 Internet Archive [accessed 26 February 2025]
A General Map of the Routes in British North America Explored by the Expedition under Captain Palliser, during the years 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860. Compiled from the Observations and Reports of Captain Palliser and his Offcers, including the Maps constructed by Dr. Hector, and other authentic documents. To accompany “The Journals, Detailed Reports, & Observations” presented to both Houses of Parliament, by Command of Her Majesty, 19th May, 1863. Standord’s Geographical Estab. London, 1865
Captain John Palliser [1817–1887] was a geographer who hailed from County Meath, Ireland. After service in the military he participated in a hunting exploration among the native peoples of the American West that was chronicled in his book, Adventures of a Hunter in the Prairies, published to much acclaim in 1853.
Later that decade, the Royal Geographic Society proposed to the Colonial Office that Palliser explore Canadian territory between Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains, which was approved by Secretary of State for the Colonies, Henry Labouchere. His instructions to Palliser was to attain a general and scientific knowledge of the regions in areas of land, agriculture, coal and minerals.
This map shows the routes taken by the British North America Exploring Expedition over its four year period. Despite a £13,000 budget that was three times the original estimate its findings provided the Government with invaluable evidence on the topographical and economic potential of the country.
Athabasca River
Bear River
Boat Encampment
Mount Brown
Brûlé Lake [as “Lac à Brulé”]
Caledonia Mountain
Canoe River
Mount Christie
Colin Range
Committee Punch Bowl
Columbia River
Cow Dung Lake
Cranberry Lake
Cranberry River
Fiddle Mountains
Fraser River
Grand Côte
Henry House [as “Miette or Henry Ho.”]
Mount Hooker
Jasper House
Jasper
Mount Kerkeslin
Leather Pass
Mount Lyell
Maligne River
Miette River
Mount Moberly
Moose Lake
North Thompson River [as “Thompson R. (N. Branch)”]
Lac Orignal
Pyramid Mountain
Rau’ Shuswap
Roche Miette
Roche Suette
Roche Jacques [as “Roche Jacque”]
Selkirk Mountains
Smoky River [as “Smoking R.”]
Snake Indian River
Snaring River
Mount Tekarra
Tête Jaune Cache [as “Yellow Head”]
Whirlpool River
Wood River [as “Woods Pt.”]
Tribes
Beaver Indians [“Beaver and Chickanee Indians”]
Chickanee Indians
Iroquois Indians
Sekani Indians [as “Beaver and Chickanee Indians”]
- Palliser, John [1817–1887]. Solitary Rambles and Adventures of a Hunter in the Prairies. London: John Murray, 1853. Internet Archive [accessed 27 February 2025]
- Palliser, John [1817–1887]. Further Papers Relative to the Exploration by the Expedition Under Captain Palliser of That Portion of British North America Which Lies Betwees the Northern Branch of the River Saskatchewan and the Frontier of the United States; And Between the Red River and the Rocky Mountains, and Thence to the Pacific Ocean.. London: George Edward Byre and William Spottiswoode, 1860. Canadiana [accessed 10 March 2025]
- Spry, Irene Mary Biss [1907–1998], editor. The Papers of The Palliser Expedition 1857-1860. Champlain Society, 1968. Internet Archive [accessed 26 February 2025]
Assiniboine Indians
Northern Great Plains
There was once a little tribe of Indians known as the Snakes, that lived in the country to the north of Jasper House, but which, during the time of the North West Fur Company, was treacherously exterminated by the Assineboines. They were invited to a peace feast by the latter Indians, when they were to settle all their disputes, and neither party was to bring any weapons. It was held about three miles below the present site of Jasper House, but the Assineboines being all secretly armed, fell on the poor Snakes in the midst of the revelry, and killed them all. Such was the story I heard from the hunters here.
— James Hector [1834–1907] 1859 [1]
- 1. Hector, James [1834–1907]; Palliser, John [1817–1887]; Spry, Irene Mary Biss [1907–1998], editor. The papers of the Palliser Expedition 1857-1860. Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society XLIV, 1968. Internet Archive
Snake Indians
N of Jasper House
There was once a little tribe of Indians known as the Snakes, that lived in the country to the north of Jasper House, but which, during the time of the North West Fur Company, was treacherously exterminated by the Assineboines. They were invited to a peace feast by the latter Indians, when they were to settle all their disputes, and neither party was to bring any weapons. It was held about three miles below the present site of Jasper House, but the Assineboines being all secretly armed, fell on the poor Snakes in the midst of the revelry, and killed them all. Such was the story I heard from the hunters here.
— James Hector [1834–1907] 1859 [1]
In 1861 Henry John Moberly [1835–1932] met “the last of the Snake Indians” living with Shuswap (Secwépemc) people at Tête Jaune Cache:
At Jasper I induced a young halfbreed to join me and try his luck in British Columbia. We started in company across the pass to Tête Jaune Cache, the snow a foot deep on the ground and the streams frozen over but not solid enough to bear us. We were obliged, therefore, to cut our way through brush and fallen timber at points where we should otherwise have followed a creek-bed. Six days of this brought us to Tete Jaune, where we planned to embark.
At the Cache we found encamped a small band of Shushwaps, among them a woman, the last member of a petty tribe called the Snake Indians. From the Shushwaps I procured a dugout and some fresh provisions. They gave me also a description of the river as far as the Hudson’s Bay post named Fort George, close to the forks of the Stuart [Nechako] and Fraser rivers.
The Snake woman just mentioned had lived through one of the most remarkable experiences of which I have ever heard. Eighteen or nineteen years before [ca 1842] her tribe had consisted of some twenty families, living entirely in the mountains and for decades at war with the wood Assiniboines. The Snakes at the time of which I write were camped on the side of a mountain west of the post [Jasper House], and a band of Assiniboines at Lac Brule, just below the entrance to the pass. The Assiniboines proposed a meeting at the head of the lake for the purpose of ratifying a peace, each band to come unarmed.
The Snakes agreed, and the men of the band, leaving their guns, arrived and were placed in the inner circle around the council fire. The Assiniboines, however, concealed their guns under their blankets and at a prearranged signal drew them and shot down in cold blood every man of their ancient enemies. They then rushed to the Snake camp and wiped out the rest of the band, with the exception of three young women whom they brought as prisoners to Fort Assiniboine. Here they were stripped, bound and placed in a tent, to be tortured and finally dispatched at a great scalp dance to be held next day.
During the night a French halfbreed, Bellerose by name, crept into the lodge where the prisoners lay and cut their bonds. All he could provide them was his scalping knife and a fire bag containing flint, steel and punk. The women made their escape….
— Moberly[2]
In Indigenous cultures, the term snake is a generic pejorative used to describe other tribes, regardless of their actual ancestry, hence the many locations in Alberta where a number of different tribes lived, all of whom, although unrelated, were called “Snakes.” From 1688-1720s, when the British Empire first came into prolonged trade contact with the Western Cree and Blackfoot, both of these groups were united in a war against “the Snake Indians” of Canada. It is not clear if this term (used in this period of Canadian history) is meant to refer to the Northern Paiute people, inaccurate, or perhaps entirely unrelated. In modern Plains Cree language, the term “kinêpikoyiniwak / ᑭᓀᐱᑯᔨᓂᐘᐠ,” literally translating to “Snake Indian” refers to Shoshone people.[3]
- 1. Hector, James [1834–1907]; Palliser, John [1817–1887]; Spry, Irene Mary Biss [1907–1998], editor. The papers of the Palliser Expedition 1857-1860. Toronto: Publications of the Champlain Society XLIV, 1968. Internet Archive
- 2. Moberly, Henry John [1835–1932], and Cameron, William Bleasdell, collaborator. When Fur was King. New York: Dutton, 1929, p. 111. University of British Columbia Library
- 3. Wikipedia. Snake Indians
Snake Indian Mountain
Near head of Snake Indian River
53.3208 N 118.8947 W — Map 083E07 — Google — GeoHack
Name officially adopted in 1956
Topo map from Canadian Geographical Names
Peter Pond map western North America 1785

Map without title of the region from Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean and from Lake Michigan to the Arctic Ocean Library and Archives Canada [accessed 24 February 2025]
[Map without title of the region from Hudson Bay to the Pacific Ocean and from Lake Michigan to the Arctic Ocean]
Fur trader Peter Pond [1793–1807] pushed farther north and west than any other trader in the 1770s and 1780s. He was the first white man to cross Portage La Loche (also known as Methye Portage) to the Athabasca River and Lake Athabasca. The discovery linked the Mackenzie watershed with the rivers flowing to Hudson Bay. His activities led to the first organization named the North West Company. His reputation for violence, however, invited the suspicion of other traders both inside and outside the concern and eventually forced his withdrawal from the company.
Pond was the first to outline the general features of the Mackenzie River system. His findings fired Alexander Mackenzie [1764–1820] with the possibilities of discovery in the north and led him to follow the course of the river to its frozen mouth in 1789. Pond’s maps and suggested course of the waters of Athabasca are enduring testaments to him as a pioneer in the last great fur-bearing area of North America.
Athabasca River [as “R. Arabasca”]
Peace River [as “River of Peace”]
Tribes
Assiniboine Indians [as “Assiniboine of Canoes”]
Beaver Indians
- Gough, Barry M. Pond, Peter. University of Toronto, 1983 Dictionary of Canadian Biography, Vol 5 [accessed 25 February 2025].
Sicanny Indians
W of Rockies near head of Peace River
Harmon’s map interior of North America 1820
Sinew River
Possibly Parsnip River, appears to branch with the Peace River at Finlay Forks
Not currently an official name.
Harmon’s map interior of North America 1820 [[? Parsnip River]]
Sursee Indians
E of Rockies
Harmon’s map interior of North America 1820