Category Archives: People

Allen Carpé

Allen Carpe. Courtesy Am. A.J.

Allen Carpe. Courtesy Am. A.J.
Canadian Alpine Journal 1932


Rollin T. Chamberlin, L. E. “Slim” Goodell, Allen Carpe, A. L. Withers. Photo George Burns

Rollin T. Chamberlin, L. E. “Slim” Goodell, Allen Carpe, A. L. Withers. Photo George Burns
University of Chicago

Allen Carpé [1894–1932]

b. 1894 — Chicago
d. 1932 — Mount McKinley, Alaska

Allen Carpé was an American engineer and mountaineer who was a member of the Alpine Club of Canada from 1920.

In 1924 Carpé, Rollin Thomas Chamberlin [1881–1948], and A. L. (Pete) Withers went up Tête Creek “and made some fine climbs, among them Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier.” (1)

In 1925, he was a member of the expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Logan. He lost his life on Mount McKinley in May 1932, as the leader of a party making scientific observations relating to cosmic rays.

Carpé’s name appears with and without an accent in various documents.

Sources of biographical information about Carpé:

  • Annual Report of the Director of the National Park Service to the Secretary of the Interior for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932, and the Travel Season, 1932. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1932 Google Books
  • Wikipedia. Allen Carpé
Carpé is the namesake of the following places in the Mount Robson region:

Events in the Mount Robson region in which Carpé was involved:

  • 1924 Chamberlin party Cariboos
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Carpé was author or co-author:

  • —   “Climbs in Cariboo Mts. and Northern Gold Range, Interior Ranges of British Columbia.” Alpine Journal, Vol. 37 (1925):63
  • —   “Albreda Mountain.” Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 16 (1927–1927):177
  • —   “The Cariboo Mountains – Correction.” Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 16 (1927–1927):177
References:

  • 1. Zillmer, Raymond T. [1887–1960]. “Explorations in the Southern Cariboos.” Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 27 (1939):48-61

Dalby Brooks Morkill

Dalby Brooks Morkill [1880–1955]

b. 1880 — Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
d. 1955 — Vancouver, B.C., Canada

Morkill came to British Columbia in 1898. He received his commission as a British Columbia Land Surveyor in 1910. Morkill was employed in 1912 by the British Columbia government making surveys on the Fraser River between Horsey Creek and Holmes River. In 1913, with Alan S. Thompson, Morkill surveyed between the Goat River and Catfish Creek. Morkill worked on the Alberta-British Columbia Boundary Commission surveys north of Yellowhead Pass in the early 1920s. Subsequently Morkill surveyed in several other areas of the Province. During his last years he spent summers at his residence at Barkerville and winters in Vancouver. He was president of the Association of BC Land Surveyors in 1928.

Sources of biographical information about Morkill:

  • Andrews, Gerald Smedley [1903–2005]. Professional Land Surveyors of British Columbia. Cumulative nominal roll. Victoria: Corporation of Land Surveyors of British Columbia, 1978
  • Association of British Columbia Land Surveyors. Annual Report (1956).
Morkill is the namesake of the following places in the Mount Robson region:

Events in the Mount Robson region in which Morkill was involved:

  • 1912 Morkill Surveys
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Morkill was author or co-author:

  • —   “Report on Survey on the South Fork of Fraser River from Horse Creek to Beaver River. December 28, 1912.” Report of the Minister of Lands for the Province of British Columbia for the year ending 31st December 1912, (1913):238-240. Google Books
  • —   “Report on survey on south fork of the Fraser River, between Goat River and Catfish Creek. December 15, 1913.” Report of the Minister of Lands for the Province of British Columbia for the Year Ending 31st December 1913, (1914):423. Google Books

Samuel Prescott Fay

Samuel Prescott Fay [1884–1971]

b. 1884
d. 1971

“Pete” Fay as he was known to his friends had been a member of the [American Alpine] Club for 59 years at the time of his death last August [1971]. His qualifications for election in 1912 were four seasons in the Canadian Rockies beginning in 1906. In 1914 he joined a Smithsonian expedition which left Jasper, Alberta in June for the purposes of exploration, mapping and the collection of birds and mammals in the northern Rockies. Reports were filed with the Biological Survey in Washington. In mid-October the party met a trapper who showed them an old newspaper with reports of the first weeks of World War I of which they had no inkling. For the next three or four days they traveled non-stop to reach Hudson Hope on the Peace River.
Pete graduated from Harvard in 1907. During World War I he joined the American Field Service to drive an ambulance in France and later served with the Air Force in France and Belgium. Afterwards he was associated with an investment counseling firm in Boston for many years. Aside from two years on the Council (1930-1932), he did not take an active part in Club affairs, though he attended frequent meetings. Frail health confined him to his home for the last ten or more years.

Sources of biographical information about Fay:

  • Fay, Samuel Prescott [1884–1971]. The Forgotten Explorer: Samuel Prescott Fay’s 1914 Expedition to the Northern Rockies. Edited by Charles Helm and Mike Murtha. Victoria, B.C.: Rocky Mountain Books, 2009
  • Hall, Henry S. “Samuel Prescott Fay, 1884–1971.” American Alpine Journal, (1972) American Alpine Club
Events in the Mount Robson region in which Fay was involved:

  • 1912 SP Fay Mt. Sir Alexander
  • 1914 SP Fay Jasper to Hudsons Hope
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Fay was author or co-author:

  • —   Jasper-Yellowhead Historical Society. Album of pictures accompanying S.P. Fay journal of trip through Rockies from Yellowhead, Alberta, Pass, to Peace River at Hudsons Hope, B.C, 1914. JYHS No. 84 or 91 (1912–1914).
  • —   “Mount Alexander.” Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 6 (1914–1915):121
  • —   “Note on Mount Alexander Mackenzie and Mount Ida.” Alpine Journal, Vol. 36 (1924):421
  • —   The Forgotten Explorer: Samuel Prescott Fay’s 1914 Expedition to the Northern Rockies. Edited by Charles Helm and Mike Murtha. Victoria, B.C.: Rocky Mountain Books, 2009

Charles Doolittle Walcott

Charles Doolittle Walcott [1850–1927]

b. 1850
d. 1927

Charles Doolittle Walcott (March 31, 1850 – February 9, 1927) was an American paleontologist, administrator of the Smithsonian Institution from 1907 to 1927, and director of the United States Geological Survey.[1][2] He is famous for his discovery in 1909 of well-preserved fossils, including some of the oldest soft-part imprints, in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada.

Sources of biographical information about Walcott:

Events in the Mount Robson region in which Walcott was involved:

  • 1912 Walcott Smithsonian
  • 1913 ACC Camp – Mount Robson
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Walcott was author or co-author:

  • Walcott Jr., Charles D., and —   “A geologist’s paradise.” National Geographic Magazine, 22, no. 6 (1911):WM 03.2 W14ge
  • —   “The monarch of the Canadian Rockies.” National Geographic Magazine, (1913):626. Internet Archive

Gabriel Franchère

Gabriel Franchère

Gabriel Franchère
Wikipedia

Gabriel Franchère [1786–1863]

b. 1786 — Montréal, Quebec
d. 1863 — St. Paul, Minnesota

French Canadian author and explorer of the Pacific Northwest. Franchère was born in Montreal and joined the Pacific Fur Company as a merchant apprentice, arriving at Fort Astoria on the Tonquin. After Astoria was sold to the North West Company, Franchère returned to Montréal overland in 1814. He was employed for a time by John Jacob Astor in Montréal. He wrote Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America, published in 1819.

Sources of biographical information about Franchère:

Events in the Mount Robson region in which Franchère was involved:

  • 1814 Franchère crosses Athabasca Pass
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Franchère was author or co-author:

  • —   Relation d’un voyage à la Côte du Nord-Ouest de l’Amerique Septentrionale. Montréal: 1820
  • —  and Lamb, William Kaye [1904–1999], editor. Journal of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America, in the years 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1969. Internet Archive

Paul Kane

Paul Kane
Self-portrait, 1846-1848

Paul Kane
Self-portrait, 1846-1848
Wikipedia


Jasper House East Side Rocky Mountains
Field sketch, 1847

Jasper House East Side Rocky Mountains
Field sketch, 1847
Wikipedia


Paul Kane, “Boat Encampment,” Hudson’s Bay Company voyaguers, oil on canvas, 1849–1856

Paul Kane, “Boat Encampment,” Hudson’s Bay Company voyaguers, oil on canvas, 1849–1856
Royal Ontario Museum ROM2009_11209_41

Paul Kane [1810–1871]

b. 1810 — Mallow, County Cork, Ireland
d. 1871 — Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Kane was an Irish-born Canadian painter, famous for his paintings of First Nations peoples in the Canadian West and other Native Americans in the Columbia Departmentof the fur trade.

A largely self-educated artist, Paul Kane grew up in York, Upper Canada (now Toronto), and trained himself by copying European masters on a “Grand Tour” study trip through Europe. He undertook two voyages through the Canadian northwest in 1845 and from 1846 to 1848. The first trip took him from Toronto to Sault Ste. Marie and back. Having secured the support of the Hudson’s Bay Company, he set out on a second, much longer voyage from Toronto across the Rocky Mountains. On October 6, 1846, Kane left Edmonton for Fort Assiniboine, where he again embarked with a canoe brigade up the Athabasca River to Jasper House, arriving on November 3. Here he joined a large horse troop bound west, but the party soon had to send the horses back to Jasper’s House and continue on snowshoes, taking only the essentials with them, because Athabasca Pass was already too deeply snowed in that late in the year. They crossed the pass on November 12 and three days later joined a canoe brigade that had been waiting to take them down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver (present-day Vancouver, Washington) and Fort Victoria (present day Victoria, British Columbia).

On both trips Kane sketched and painted First Nations and Métis peoples. Upon his return to Toronto, he produced more than one hundred oil paintings from these sketches. The oil paintings he completed in his studio are considered a part of the Canadian heritage, although he often embellished them considerably, departing from the accuracy of his field sketches in favour of more dramatic scenes.

Sources of biographical information about Kane:

Kane is the namesake of the following places in the Mount Robson region:

Events in the Mount Robson region in which Kane was involved:

  • 1846 Kane through Athabasca Pass
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Kane was author or co-author:

  • —   Wanderings of an artist among the Indians of North America. From Canada to Vancouver’s Island and Oregon through the Hudson’s Bay Company’s territory and back again. London: Longman, Brown, 1859

Richard William Cautley

Richard William Cautley 
Photo from

Richard William Cautley
Photo from “Compass to Satellite” by W.D. Stretton p. 42 (Canadian Surveyor vol 31 no 4)
Alberta’s Land Surveying History

Richard William Cautley [1873–1953]

b. 1873 — Ipswich, England
d. 1953 — Victoria, BC, Canada

Richard William Cautley [1873–1953]

Sources of biographical information about Cautley:

  • Sherwood, Jay. Surveying the Great Divide. The Alberta/BC Boundary Survey, 1913-1917. Qualicum Beach, BC: Caitlin Press, 2017
Events in the Mount Robson region in which Cautley was involved:

  • 1917 Boundary Comission Survey Yellowhead Pass
  • 1923 Boundary Comission Survey completed to Robson
  • 1924 ACC Camp – Mount Robson (guide)
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Cautley was author or co-author:

  • — and Wallace, James Nevin [d. 1941]; Wheeler, Arthur Oliver [1860–1945]. Report of the Commission Appointed to Delimit the Boundary between the Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Part I: From 1913 to 1916. Ottawa: Office of the Surveyor General, 1917
  • —   “Characteristics of passes in the Canadian Rockies..” Canadian Alpine Journal, Vol. 12 (1921–1922):117-123
  • —  and Wheeler, Arthur Oliver [1860–1945]. Report of the Commission appointed to delimit the boundary between the Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Part II. 1917 to 1921. From Kicking Horse Pass to Yellowhead Pass.. Ottawa: Office of the Surveyor General, 1924. Whyte Museum
  • —  and Wheeler, Arthur Oliver [1860–1945]. Report of the Commission Appointed to Delimit the Boundary between the Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia – Part III – from 1918 to 1924. Atlas. Ottawa: Office of the Surveyor General, 1925
  • —  and Wheeler, Arthur Oliver [1860–1945]. Report of the Commission Appointed to Delimit the Boundary between the Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Parts IIIA & IIIB, 1918 to 1924. From Yellowhead Pass Northerly. Ottawa: Office of the Surveyor General, 1925. Whyte Museum
  • —   High lights of memory : incidents in the life of a Canadian surveyor. 1950. Whyte Museum

David Douglas

David Douglas [1799–1834]

b. 1799 — Scone, Scotland
d. 1834 — Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Sources of biographical information about Douglas:

  • Harvey, Athelstan George [1884–1950]. Douglas of the Fir,: A Biography of David Douglas, Botanist. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1947
  • Thorington, James Monroe [1895–1989]. The Glittering Mountains of Canada. A record of exploration and pioneering ascents in the Canadian Rockies 1914-1924. Philadelphia: John W. Lea, 1925 Internet Archive
  • Wikipedia. David Douglas
Events in the Mount Robson region in which Douglas was involved:

  • 1827 Drummond and Douglas meet at York factory waiting for boats home
  • 1827 David Douglas Athabasca pass
Works pertinent to the Mount Robson region of which Douglas was author or co-author:

  • —   Journal kept by David Douglas during his travels in North America 1823-1827, together with a particular description of thirty-three species of American oaks and eighteen species of Pinus, with appendices containing a list of the plants introduced by Douglas and an account of his death in 1834. Royal Horticultural Society, 1914

Hudson’s Bay Company

Hudson’s Bay Company [founded 1670]

Founded 1670

After incorporation by English royal charter in 1670, the Hudson’s Bay Company was granted a right of “sole trade and commerce” over an expansive area of land known as Rupert’s Land, comprising much of the Hudson Bay drainage basin. [1]

The charter was conferred by Charles II on his “dear and entirely beloved Cousin, Prince Rupert,” and a group of associates incorporated as “The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson’s Bay.” With the charter the King gave a province named in honor of the cherished kinsman “Rupert’s Land” The bounds of the province no man knew. The grant was described in the deed as embracing the lands and waters draining into Hudson Bay and Hudson Straits. That meant extension on the east nearly to the shores of Labrador; on the south to the northern watershed of the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes and the upper Missouri; on the west to the Rocky Mountain divide of the Saskatchewan River and the eastern divide of the Athabasca River, Great Slave Lake and Back’s River; and on the north to the line of the watershed of Hudson Straits. This immense territory was granted free from seignorial reservations; it was given to the Governor and Company to hold as “absolute lords and proprietors” in “free and common soccage.”

— Merk [2]

See also
James Knight, York Fort Journals,1717 [3]
Samuel Hearne, Journey to the Northern Ocean, 1772 [4]
George Simpson, Fur trade and empire, 1825 [5]
James McMillan, Portion of letter James McMillan to William Connelly, 1825 [6]
Aborigines’ Protection Society, Canada West and the Hudson’s-Bay Company1856, [7]
Edward Ermatinger], York Factory Express Journal, 1828 [8]
Harold Innis, The Fur Trade in Canada 1930 [9]
Ball, Georgina. “Monopoly system of wildlife management, ” 1985 [10]

Events in the Mount Robson region in which Hudson’s Bay Company was involved:

  • 1670 HBC charter
  • 1722 La Vérendrye reachs Lk. Winnipeg
  • 1771 Hearne to Coppermine
  • 1774 HBC on Saskatchewan
  • 1812 NWC vs. HBC
  • 1819 Robertson in charge of Fort St Mary
  • 1820 Permanent HBC post established at Fort George
  • 1821 Northwest Company and Hudson’s Bay Company merge, known as HBC
  • 1824 Simpson recrossing Athabasca Pass
  • 1824 Simpson and Ross cross Athabasca Pass from west
  • 1825 HBC becomes active on the northwest coast
  • 1825 McMillan re Tête Jaune’s Cache
  • 1827 George McDougall crosses YHP
  • 1827 David Douglas Athabasca pass
  • 1828 Chief Factor John McLoughlin takes charge of area west of the Rockies
  • 1828 James Douglas is captured in Carrier territory and released after negotiations
  • 1834 James Douglas becomes a Chief Trader within the HBC
  • 1838 HBC granted 21 year exclusive hunting and trading license to northwest coast
  • 1839 James Douglas becomes a Chief Factor within HBC
References:

  • 1. Wikipedia. Hudson’s Bay Company
  • 2. Simpson, George [1792–1860], and Merk, Frederick [1887–1977], editor. Fur trade and empire. George Simpson’s journal entitled Remarks connected with fur trade in consequence of a voyage from York Factory to Fort George and back to York Factory 1824-25. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1931. University of British Columbia Library
  • 3. Knight, James [1640–1721]. Life and death by the frozen sea: the York Fort journals of Hudson’s Bay Company governor James Knight 1714–1717. Edited by Arthur J. Ray. Toronto: The Champlain Society, 2018
  • 4. Hearne, Samuel [1745–1792]. A journey from Prince of Wales’s Fort in Hudson’s Bay to the Northern Ocean, in the years 1769, 1770, 1771, and 1772. Tyrrell, Joseph Burr, 1858-1957. Totonto: Champlain Society, 1911. Internet Archive
  • 5. short
  • 6. McMillan, James [1783–1858]. Winnipeg: Hudson’s Bay Company archives. Portion of letter James McMillan to William Connelly HBCA B.188/b/4 fo. 9-10 (1825).
  • 7. Aborigines’ Protection Society. Canada West and the Hudson’s-Bay Company. London: William Tweedie, 1856.
  • 8. Ermatinger, Edward [1797–1876], and White, James [1863–1928], editor. Edward Ermatinger’s York Factory express journal, being a record of journeys made between Fort Vancouver and Hudson Bay in the years 1827–1828. Ottawa: Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 1912. Internet Archive
  • 9. Innis, Harold [1894–1952]. The Fur Trade in Canada. An Introduction to Canadian Economic History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930. Internet Archive
  • 10. Ball, Georgina. “Monopoly system of wildlife management of the Indians and the Hudson’s Bay Company in the early history of British Columbia.” BC Studies, 66 (1985)
Also see:

North West Company

North West Company [1779–1821]

b. 1779 — Montreal, Quebec
d. 1821 — London, England

From Merk’s introduction to Fur Trade and Empire:

Rupert’s Land under this charter was the proprietary colony of the Hudson’s Bay Company [1670–] and as such for two centuries it was held. But it was not held in peace. The gifts of the charter were challenged in England and abroad. France had claims to the territory as part of the province of New France; she had bestowed the region on one of her colonizing companies much before 167o and she was not disposed to give up her rights there without a struggle. This was one of the questions that was fought over in the long Anglo-French duel for mastery in the New World; and Rupert’s Land, or parts of it, changed hands repeatedly with the fortunes of war before its fate was finally determined in 1763 by the expulsion of France from the continent of North America.

But the removal of this foreign threat served only to stimulate domestic challenge to the charter. Almost from the beginning there had been question as to the charter’s validity on the ground that it emanated from royal authority without legislative ratification, and that it granted monopoly rights which, after the Statute of Monopolies of 1623, the crown could not legally bestow. It was argued also in later years that in 167o Rupert’s Land was not Charles Il’s to give, being then the soil of France, that England gained it first in 1763, when it came by conquest and unencumbered by Stuart gifts of monopoly. Supported by such arguments, free traders from England and Canada defied the exclusive privileges of the Hudson’s Bay Company and after 1763 did so with increasing determination and success.

Among the free traders who intruded on Rupert’s Land was a group which in 1787 united to form the North West Company of Montreal. This was a redoubtable organization, characterized on the one hand by the dash and aggressiveness of adventurers, and on the other by the stability and the foresight of men of money. Two classes of shareholders were in it: eastern partners, merchants of substance in Montreal and Quebec, who supplied the capital, and the so-called “wintering partners” who contributed the skill and experience which went into leadership in the field. Zeal on the part of employees was stimulated by holding out to promising young men brought into the service the prospect of promotion to the wintering-partner status. There were in the employ of the Company at one time not far from two thousand men clerks, voyageurs, laborers, interpreters, guides and various other functionaries of the trade. The Company had a route to the interior, less direct, to be sure, than the Hudson Bay passage but advantageous in other respects. This was the southern highway consisting of the broad St. Lawrence and the Ottawa to the Great Lakes, and the Rainy Lake passage thence to the waters of the Saskatchewan. At Montreal and at Fort William on the western shore of Lake Superior the Company had great warehouses assuring to interior posts regularity of supply. This was no mean antagonist for the great British chartered monopoly.

For fifteen years the North West Company and the Hudson’s Bay Company clashed in the forests of Rupert’s Land. It was a bitter war in which each party wielded weapons of trade and of violence mercilessly in turn. Rival posts fought each other at close range; there was undercutting and overbidding; Indians were competitively plied with liquor; there was covert bargaining by each side with faithless employees of the other, and seizure and confiscation of each other’s supplies and furs. Such was the musketry of trade. From the arsenal of war were drawn raids, the levelling of each other’s trading posts, incitation of Indians and of half-breeds to violence, open fighting and secret stabbing and shooting in the shadows of the forest. Red River Colony, established in 18r under the aegis of the Hudson’s Bay Company, was in 1816 the scene of a pitched battle in which Governor Semple of the Hudson’s Bay Company Territories and twenty men fell before the fire of a party of half-breed retainers of the North West Company. Violence was succeeded after this “Battle of Seven Oaks” by a renewal of cut-throat competition and by litigation in the courts of Upper and Lower Canada.

The result of this war was complete disorganization of the northern fur trade. Prices paid to Indians for furs rose to levels which rendered profit out of the question. Ruin faced even the Indians who in competitive traffic were paid for furs in the currency of rum. Game was recklessly wasted. Furs reach prime condition only in the winter, but competition led to the trapping and hunting of pelts in all seasons, which meant not merely defective furs but extermination of the young with the full grown in the breeding season. Discipline among employees became lax; extravagance and waste crept into the conduct of the trade, a disease that spread even to the Oregon Country which lay outside the boundaries of Rupert’s Land and therefore beyond the immediate war zone. By 1820 the struggle had brought the two belligerents to the verge of bankruptcy and to the will to peace.

Peace came by way of a coalition agreement entered into in London in 1821. In the merger the Hudson’s Bay Company retained its identity; it took over the assets of the North West Company, evaluated like its own at €200,000, and to finance the consolidation doubled its outstanding stock. The charter and the ancient privileges of the Hudson’s Bay Company remained undisturbed. To the privileges a princely addition was made. The British government as a reward for the peace and as a means of preventing any future outbreak of war conferred upon the reorganized Company, under an act of Parliament of 1821, exclusive trading rights for twenty-one years in all that part of British North America lying between Rupert’s Land and the Rocky Mountains, and, in addition, the sole British trading rights in the whole of the Oregon Country. Thus the entire area which is now the Dominion of Canada excepting only the valley of the St. Lawrence and the maritime provinces was, after 1821, under the control of the Hudson’s Bay Company, either as proprietor or as possessor of exclusive trading rights, and besides the Company held sole British rights of trade in all of what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States. (1)

Sources of biographical information about North West Company:

Events in the Mount Robson region in which North West Company was involved:

  • 1778 Pond to Athabasca
  • 1779 NWC Organized
  • 1789 Mackenzie reaches Arctic Ocean and explores Slave & Mackenzie River
  • 1792 Mackenzie sets out
  • 1793 Mackenzie crosses divide
  • 1793 Mackenzie sees Sekani woman among Soda Cree
  • 1804 Fort Simpson established by Northwest Company
  • 1805 Fort St. John established by Northwest Company
  • 1805 Mcleod’s Lake post established by Simon Fraser
  • 1805 Fort Nelson established on Liard River
  • 1805 Hudson Hope post established at Rocky Mountain Portage
  • 1806 Fort St. James established on Stuart Lake
  • 1806 Fort Fraser post established by HBC at Fraser Lake
  • 1807 Fraser founds Fort George
  • 1807 David Thompson visits the Kutenai. Kutenai House established
  • 1808 Fraser descends Fraser
  • 1811 David Thompson establishes the fur trade through Athabasca Pass.
  • 1811 David Thompson Athabasca Pass
  • 1812 NWC vs. HBC
  • 1813 NWC post at Brûlé Lake
  • 1821 Northwest Company and Hudson’s Bay Company merge, known as HBC
References:

  • 1. Simpson, George [1792–1860], and Merk, Frederick [1887–1977], editor. Fur trade and empire. George Simpson’s journal entitled Remarks connected with fur trade in consequence of a voyage from York Factory to Fort George and back to York Factory 1824-25. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1931. University of British Columbia Library
Also see: